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Ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source that combusts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water and aldehydes. The Clean Air Act requires the addition of oxygenates to reduce carbon monoxide emissions in the United States.
Burning solids and concentrated solubles after distillation, solids from aerobic treatment, and methane from anaerobic treatment can generate enough steam to meet all process heat and power demands. In addition, about 10.9 MW of surplus power is left for sale for a currently envisioned ethanol plant fed 2000 metric tonnes/day (2,205 tons/day) of cellulosic biomass, resulting in about 0.4 energy units of ethanol and close to 0.1 energy units of electricity per unit of energy in the biomass feed. The amount of ethanol will improve as yields are increased through learning curve effects and better technology, and power exports to the grid will increase as (1) cellulosic ethanol technology improves to use less heat and power and (2) more efficient cycles are used for making electricity from steam. The key is that no fossil fuel is needed to convert cellulosic biomass into ethanol, and significant amounts of excess electricity are left for sale into a market compatible with large-scale fuel production.
Ethanol fuel is cost effective compared to other biofuels: Ethanol fuel is the least expensive energy source since virtually every country has the capability to produce it. Corn, sugarcane, or grain grows in almost every country, which makes the production economical compared to fossil fuels. Fossils fuels can play against the economy of most countries, especially developing countries that have no capacity to explore them. It, thus makes sense for these growing economies to dwell on the production of ethanol fuel to dial back on the dependence of fossil fuel in order to save revenue.
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